Dark or black colorscause more exposure,
seeking middle gray
White is white,
black is gray
Seems about right
Black is black,
white is gray
Bright or white colorscause less exposure,
seeking middle gray
Novices to photography always assume their camera meters magically should always give the correct exposure, but alas, they need to learn that life is not that simple. Meters are pretty dumb. They can be a good guide, but proper metering is an art done by the photographer. It's not difficult, but sometimes requires a bit of thought, about the subject.
Next is a quick rose picture, intended to mimic some real photo scene. Photographed below five times, all with the same settings (automatic point&shoot TTL flash).
The ONLY difference in these next pictures is that the background scene is modified (ordinary white and black craft paper, just shifted to the left). All else is the same. The camera is aimed at the subject, and TTL automation exposes the picture. However, the camera's reflective light meter sees different scenes differently. Under or over exposure depends on the scene the camera sees. This page is speaking only about reflected light meters, like are in cameras (Incident light meters metering is on the third page here).
To make that be real clear, let's adjust only the background scene a little at time, all else stays the same (but still with automatic TTL metering of the flash). At each frame, the ONLY difference was that the black paper was shifted left a little, and then the shutter button was pressed again. The scene the meter sees is different, different ratios of dark and light colors. Then the TTL metering reacts to the new scene it sees. The exposure you get depends on what the meter sees. This is how reflective metering works (it sees the light reflected from the colors in the scene).
Direct flash, on cord off camera. Nikon DSLR, Automatic TTL, matrix metering mode. No cropping, ISO 200, all f/8, 1/200 second, TTL.
No adjustments were made. The ONLY change in each frame is that the black background was simply moved left after each picture, so that the camera TTL metering saw more white paper.
Dark or black colorsBright or white colorsSee? Both the predominately dark scene and the predominately bright scene are exposed to be an averaged gray scene. The scene that does actually average to a middle gray is metered more accurately. This is the reason some users meter on an 18% gray card (in the same light as on the subject).
Here is the same thing, using a Canon SD-770 compact camera with flash. The metering areas may vary, but all camera meters work this way.
This is what happens, how reflective metering works, on your camera too. Reflective metering exposure depends on what you aim it at and how well it reflects light. The general rule is that low reflectance dark colors tend to overexpose, and highly reflective light colors tend to underexpose. It's just how things work. It does seem good to expect this. It does require a quick look and thought about the picture you're about to take. Not everyone can be bothered to think, but photographers learn this. See the Kodak article just below.
Light colors reflect light well to meter a high value. The exposure sets that to be a middle result.
Dark colors reflect less light to meter a low value. The exposure sets that to be a middle result.
The meter does not know what anything is, or how it should be. A reflected meter puts (the average of) everything in the middle of the sensors range (averaging middle gray).
The flash TTL system meters on its fixed central area. Which includes the rose, and some of the background. Our human brain and experience can immediately recognize the scene, and we know exactly how it ought to look. But the meter has no brain, it just sees a blob of light with no clue what anything is, or what it means, or how it ought to be. It can measure the light, but it sees the averaged tone blob in the area it sees. This average tone of all such properly metered scenes can only go near the middle range.
In the first picture, the black is overexposed towards middle gray. As the background becomes more white, the blob of light appears brighter, so reflective meters underexpose it, still trying to achieve the same overall (middle gray equivalent) average result for the area (the averaged colors of rose and background). We would think that a dark scene ought to look dark and a bright scene ought to look bright, but the meter cannot distinguish them. So the only possible goal is a result not too bright, not too dark. That's all a meter can know to do, without a human brain and experience to be able to recognize the scene, to know how it should be.
Incident meters instead work very differently (examples on the third metering page), more correctly metering the actual incident light on the subject instead of the reflected light (which is affected by the subject colors). Metering on an 18% gray card (in that same incident light) makes a reflected meter mimic an incident meter (reading the incident light, independent on subject colors).
A reflected light meter (camera meters are reflected meters) cannot try to recreate the correct tones, because it only sees a blob of light, and it cannot recognize anything to know what it means, or how it ought to be. It cannot differentiate between dim white vs. bright black, it just sees a level. It is a silicon chip, not an experienced human brain that can think about what it sees. Reflective metering merely just tries to keep the average of all the tones more in the middle, not too dark, and not too bright. There may be very bright or dark areas, but the overall average should come out about midtone level. This middle tone average means that bright areas will meter brighter, and so will be adjusted to come out darker. Dark areas will meter darker, and so will be adjusted to come out brighter. If a scene is placed at the middle, then both extremes might be within the total range of the exposure now. That is all the reflective meter can do. It doesn't have a brain to know what the subject is or how it should be, but the photographer sees and does, and can help if paying attention.
This is nothing new. Light meters have always worked this way. Photographers have always had to learn this, for the 85 years since we've had reflective light meters. It is a metering fundamental. Here is an oldie but goodie Kodak Tech article, Accurate Exposure With Your Meter. Kodak may be gone now, but their article is still available. Still very true and valid and fully applicable today, in every way. One quote from it says:
Note that the term middle gray card (analog) and midpoint of the histogram (digital) are not the same thing — very different concepts — not really related. The 18% middle gray card was first used for printing presses in the late 1800s, for comparing to verify their ink level on 18% half tones which were called middle gray. Then Ansel Adams promoted the 18% gray card as the midpoint of his Zone System of film metering in the 1930s. And then around middle 1990s, digital scanner images added digital image histograms. But Kodak has not made an 18% gray card in over 25 years. Kodak sold all their printing business to Silver Pixel Press around 1995, who sold it to Tiffen in 2000. Both sold Kodak cards, and Tiffen still owns Kodak Wratten filters and these cards, and publishes Kodak books, still available.
My point of that history is this: Old timers knew well that Kodak instructions always told us if we meter the reflection off of their 18% gray card, and then use that exposure for a scene in the same light, we should increase that exposure by 1/2 stop (for a front lighted scene), see these older Kodak Gray Card instructions, top of page 5. We don't see these instructions with today's cards, but it will still help today to fudge a bit on the 18% card exposures.
If we meter on an 18% card, and then open Kodak's 1/2 stop, that is the same as metering on a 12% card, all else equal (and our reflected light meters mostly all use K = 12.5 today). This method provides a known reflectivity to be metered, metering an actual middle gray subject, which the meter will make it come out middle gray, therefore striving for a more accurate result — specifically independent of the subject. Be sure to angle the card slightly to prevent any shadows or overly bright glare/flare on it. In the Spot metering example pictures above, the Center Weighted metering chose 1/3 stop open from the 18% card Spot metering value (which is not quite 1/2 stop, but the camera was set to do 1/3 stops).
One big advantage is that this gray card method is independent of the subject's own reflectivity values (simulates incident metering which is also independent). Any error this way depends on the difference in the scenes actual reflected average, and the 18% card's average. It can also be done several other ways. These things vary some, but if in bright sun, metering from the clear deep blue sky (low, and away from sun) works about the same as an 18% card. A green grass lawn is close too. In the old days, Kodak told us metering on the yellow box the film came in was about the same thing. Don't expect great precision, things will vary every time you move your camera — we are speaking ballpark. And this logic will always still depend on your actual subject also being average.
All of this has been well known for many decades, and reflective metering has always worked this way, and camera meters are reflected meters. It is very good info, simply about how things work. Since it is obviously true, I promise it will help you greatly if you realize how it works. Give the scene a seconds worth of thought — use your eyes and head to help the camera when you realize it will be necessary.
So the rule is, a mostly light-colored reflective subject will come out gray (underexposed), and a mostly darker-colored less reflective subject will come out gray (overexposed). The result goal is "Not too dark, and not too bright". I'm speaking generally, and don't mean exact technical "middle gray". Reflected light meters work to 12.5%, not 18%, about 1/2 stop difference.
Which is the reflective meters only capability. It does not have a human brain to recognize the scene and understand "correct" exposure. It can only give an automated averaged middle tone exposure. And this often does work out pretty well, for "average" scenes (containing a wide mix of colors which probably ought to average near middle gray brightness). The meter is a very helpful guide, but there are many exceptions, to which we must pay attention, and think a little ourselves. We must learn to expect that a white or light colored subject will be underexposed, and a black or dark colored subject will be overexposed.
Don't let the math or formulas scare you, this is NOT about the math, and it is ignorable, but just the general overview might help to understand metering.
In real life, many scenes may be a mix of many colors and be near an average brightness, but others are bright or dark. There can be only one exposure of the scene, and the meter generally meters an average of all it sees, which still might be bright or dark. The meter does not have a human brain to recognize what it sees to know how it ought to be displayed, so what the light meter does is to give exposure settings to place this metered average near the center of the camera sensor's ISO range, which will show as a middle tone average. That's the best safety it can offer to avoid unreasonable levels causing clipping. The camera does have a human assistant that hopefully knows how to help guide it in difficult cases.
The EV formula: See Wikipedia EV
N is f/stop Number, t is duration time of shutter speed — the camera settings.
EV is this value as a power of 2, and inversely, EV is the Log₂ of the value.
The reflected light meter Exposure formula:
See Wikipedia light meter calibration
L is the scene luminance, S is the ISO sensitivity.
Reflected K or Incident C are Calibration Constants.
For Reflected meters, K is a constant typically 12.5.
Incident meters (aimed at the light), it is C, typically 340.
The formula in the second box above is how light meter design computes EV to give exposure settings. N² / t reflects the camera settings, which are appropriate exposure matches for the LS / K values. The meter knows ISO and meters the light and computes EV for the settings to match it. ISO matches the reflected scene luminance to the camera exposure settings of shutter speed and aperture.
For incident-light meters,
N² / t = ES / C
where
E is the illuminance (total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area)
C is the incident-light meter calibration constant (typically 340 with a dome)
The K or C Calibration Constants match the luminance to the sensor ISO sensitivity. The Calibration Constant specification is shown in all Sekonic meter manuals as K = 12.5 for reflected meters, or as C = 340 for incident meters with domes. Nikon and Canon camera reflected meters are also said to use K = 12.5. Some older meters (Minolta, Kenko, Pentax) used K = 14. See Wikipedia, light meter calibration.
For a reflected meter, K is not a precise calculated result from science, it is just a consensus judgment of what gives good results in typical average scenes (the common norm, landscapes, portraits, groups, vacations, etc). In other words, safely placed away from either end of the available range. K gives an exposure value that is placed in the center of the sensor range (averaging near middle gray), not necessarily a correct exposure of the specific scene in front of the camera, but is centered in the sensors response curve. Many scenes (of many mixed colors) will actually average out about middle gray, but some scenes are bright or dark, and Not a middle gray source, and reflected meters will need compensation. A reflected metered picture of a bright white wall or a dark black wall will both be near middle gray. Meaning a black cat in front of a white wall will be underexposed, and a white cat in front of a black wall will be overexposed. But if Spot metering on the white cat (which will be middle gray then), this effect will be seen in walls (black wall underexposed). So if you are still a beginner still thinking the light meter should always get it precisely right, then better think again. Most photos may look acceptable, but any difficult case won't. A useful hint for scenes containing a lot of white or light colors is to adjust Exposure Compensation to at least +1 EV (to brighten the white to actually be white).
Reflective metering was a major concern when shooting film, so bracketing a few shots of the scene was advised. It's true of digital too, except today digital allows us to see the result then and there, and we can try again. Still, serious photographers need to learn these things about how metering works. (See Metering).
Incident meters are much more likely to be about correct (because incident meters read the direct light level itself, and do not even see the subject, so is not influenced by the reflectivity of the scene colors). Get the light right, and white things will be white and black things will be black. See this on the third page of this metering section (both the reflective problem and the incident answer). But incident meters must be used at the subject's position (aimed at the camera), less convenient except maybe indoors. But before you rush out to buy an incident meter, it's a fair bet that you may not use it much, UNLESS you do a lot of flash setups indoors, like portraits. Then it won't seem awkward to use, and you'll love it for flash. But metering at the subject is otherwise fairly awkward.
ISO (sensor speed) is Not in the EV = N² / t formula. EV was worked out about 1960 when we used film, and so then ISO was a constant until we changed film. I suppose the above formula N² / t = ES / C could have been expressed as N² / tS = E / C, but it wasn't. That would have really complicated the EV table, which would need to be three dimensional. As is, the EV table is for any ISO you happen to be using.
The calibration constants are a bit arbitrary, but the ISO (organization) specifications specifically say the calibration constant should be determined by analysis by large numbers of observers of a large number of photos of known exposure in various conditions. Meaning a visual consensus, since exact exposure is pretty hard to judge critically.
Either way, the meter seeks a middle tone average value (called middle gray, but meaning intensity tone, not color)
The TTL flash power was adjusted by the metered light, and the red rose and vase does influence the overall average. This try is the ballpark idea of metered exposure, and the intended point was to show that light meters simply put the scenes average tone in the middle (not because it was and should be middle, but only because that's all they know to do. The meter can measure, but it can't understand.) But the two averages of middle gray did not come out exactly equal tone here, because camera light meters don't consider the entire frame area equally. But I did here (giving the entire black or white area more weighting), and the larger background area affected my try. Using Photoshop's "Average" filter, these are the overall average tone of all the colors of all the pixels (in the full frame) of the first and last rose pictures above. Only one tone value can go at the middle, and that one tone is the average of the metered area. Camera reflected meters simply try to set the exposure to put the average tone of the scene in the middle (reflected meters use 12.5% linear). The middle is not too bright and not too dark, so that hopefully, any brighter or darker tones will still fit into the overall range then.
However, there are bright colored scenes (like white) that meter high, so the system drops them back to middle, appearing darker. Or dark colored scenes (like black) that meter low, so the system boosts them up to middle, making them brighter. So the average of all scenes goes towards the middle (not too bright, not too dark). The light meter does not have a human brain to know what it is, or how it ought to be. However the photographer can recognize it, and can often supply proper compensations.
All photographers can look at any result, and think "that's too dark or too bright". The trick is to learn to look at the scene FIRST, and think about this FIRST. We can expect and correct this result in advance with Compensation (Exposure Compensation for ambient, and/or Flash Compensation for flash). Now we can see our rear LCD result, but this advance thought was quite necessary when using film, and just a few tries is sufficient experience to really help. Most general scenes are easy, but we need to learn to recognize the exceptions which will need attention. This is how exposure is properly considered. A little experience makes this be an automatic thought when you first walk up to a scene.
The exposure varies with the scene. More black or dark color causes overexposure (trying for a middle tone result). More white or light color causes underexposure (trying for a middle tone result). The meter's goal is to always create a middle tone. The picture above that is about 50/50 actually averages near middle gray, and so comes out about correct. The variations are the expected result. You can count on it. Simply how reflected meters work, all of them.
Reflected meters are aimed at the subject from the camera, and meters the light that the subject's colors reflect.
A white background or subject reflects a lot of light, which reads high, so the meter underexposes the picture.
A black background or subject reflects little light, which reads low, so the meter overexposes the picture.
The expected reflected goal is that all metered results (the average of each scenes areas) come out middle gray brightness, not too dark, not too bright. This is all the meter can do (it cannot recognize anything). Fortunately, many typical scenes contain a random mix of dark and light colors that probably will average out about middle gray, then the middle gray result can often be about correct. When otherwise, we can recognize it, and compensate it, to correct it to come out as we want, brighter or darker, as needed by this scene.
A Spot meter is simply a reflected meter, so the small spot should come out middle gray. Meaning, the user better consider the reflectivity of that spot they selected. The spot will not necessarily be "correct" exposure, it will simply be middle tone (because that's the only way reflected meters work). If the selected spot ought to be middle tone, then it might be a correct exposure.
Incident meters are the reverse, aimed at the camera from the subject, which reads the incident light from the light source directly. An incident meter never sees the "subject", it directly meters the actual light incident on the subject (independent of the subjects colors). So then any subject tone, be its colors light, dark, or middle, is shown as it is. Kind of a big deal. Point&shoot where it counts. 😊 Incident meters have the accuracy that newbies imagine their reflected meters ought to have (but can't). This is not possible at the camera, since incident meters meter the actual light level incident on the subject (from the subjects position). We might make exception for situations in bright clear direct sunlight outdoors, if the meter and subject are in actually the same sunlight, but specifically, the incident meter needs to be at the same distance from the exact same light that is actually on the subject. In a portrait situation, you'd meter from under the subjects chin.
Said again, speaking of reflective meters (camera meters), their method is, if more dark area, make it brighter. If more light area, make it darker. This is simply because — its only capability is to make the metered area of all pictures average out to be a middle tone, which is "correct" by its rules, but it may or may not be the result you want. Whatever the scene, the reflective meter's overall goal is that the metered area will be exposed to average out to a middle tone (I call it middle gray, meaning the brightness equivalent, but it could be any color tint). The metered area of this is a factor too (next page). Incident meters are a different story (second next page).
Back in the negative film days, the standard saying then was "Expose for the Shadows", suggesting intentional ample exposure of shadows, and allowing overexposure of highlights (which did not hurt negatives much, they had wide latitude in the dark room). However, that applied only to negative film (which will be inverted).
"Expose for the shadows" was a bad plan for positive slide film, and today is also bad for digital (also positive), because of the overexposed highlights, and digital clipping. So the rule for positives was "Expose for the Highlights" (meaning "don't burn out the highlights, and don't clip anything in digital"), and is still very applicable to our digital cameras. Today, positive digital images are more demanding than negative film, due to less latitude, and now, digital clipping, etc, so clipping due to overexposure becomes a Real Bad Thing now.
Here's the real deal about metering.
We know that a scene with a good degree of white or light colored content will reflect light very well, so a reflected meter will read too high — and also a dark colored scene will read too low. But the reflected meter does not place these high or low as we would hope, it places everything in the middle. The meter is a dumb chip that cannot recognize the scene, and does not know the difference. A high reading might mean the light was bright, or it could mean the scene colors reflected unusually well, like white. The simple chip can only assume all scenes are an average scene, a mix of many colors averaging to a middle tone (but it cannot contemplate things). So according to a reflected light meter, all scenes should and will go to the middle, which does take care of bright or dim lighting. The photographers eyes and brain can see and recognize the difference, but the camera meter is fooled by scene colors.
Preachy here maybe, but intended as hopefully helpful. This fact about scene colors is Photography 101, perhaps not obvious, but basic and clearly evident if we bother to look, and one of the first things we should learn. Our best tool is a human brain that can see and actually recognize the scene. Our brains have experience to know the difference. We should think about how we work. If we can see there is a white background, we know to expect underexposure, so we would compensate to boost metered exposure a bit. Or maybe a stop or two if the scene is mostly all white. For example, most pictures in the snow probably need +1 EV, and if the scene is entirely snow in bright sun, maybe consider dialing in +2 EV exposure compensation. (Always do what is seen needed, because you will be disappointed if you imagine the camera should always get it right.) Experience lets us "already just know" when we first walk up to the scene. It does require we look, and think a little about we're doing. Do Not turn off the brain while the camera is engaged. 😊
Or easier, an incident meter directly meters the light itself (independent of the subjects colors), and in that light level, light and dark scenes will seek their proper high and low levels then, same as we see them.
And metering on a gray card is about the same deal as the incident meter (standard reflection from the gray card, representing the light, and independent of the subject colors). If we did not have an incident meter, this would be the reason we might meter on a gray card.
The need is to SEE the scene (to actually look and see) and use your head. You could use + EV exposure compensation, but the bright background might make that extreme. You might plan to provide proper fill flash for the dim subject. Or easier, perhaps reposition camera to avoid including the bright background. If these are not possible, the popular and easy classic work-around in that type of situation (bright background is making picture too black) is to instead aim the camera meter at the ground at the subjects feet (same focus distance), and then hold shutter half press to lock that darker reading (and focus), and then holding that, re-aim at the subject. This is not precisely metered then, but it will be a vastly better result of the subject. Try that, you'll like it when needed. Remember it, it can very often be very valuable to easily save your picture in this situation (bright background is making picture too black). The bright background will then go overexposed, but the subject should come out great. Center Weighted metering mode will do this better than Matrix metering mode.
General camera reflective metering can be noticeably affected by the varying reflectivity of the subject's colors.
Exposure methods that are independent of variable subject color reflection:
If not yet a believer, then two more cases of additional obvious proof. These are closeups, as shown. You can and should repeat these simple tests yourself, to understand how the meter works. This IS the basic principle.
These three cards (two are fun foamies) really are black and white and gray, here propped up on a couch background. This combined overall scene more nearly averages out to actually be middle gray (averaging a middle tone). This average is more what light meters expect to see, so its exposure is relatively correct. Reflective light meters simply try to make every scene average out to middle tone. The overall average tone is not too dark, not too light.
Black card with TTL flash (result is not black).
The metering used much more flash power (exposure) to make the black card be middle gray (tone). It makes couch and pink paper be white.
In extreme lopsided cases like this, we must know to manually apply a couple of stops underexposure (-EV compensation) to make black appear black.
White card with TTL flash (result is not white).
The metering used much less flash power (exposure) to make the white card be middle gray (tone). Makes couch black, and pink paper dark.
In extreme total cases like this, we must know to manually apply a couple of stops overexposure (+EV compensation) to make white appear white.
Gray card with TTL flash
Approximately correct. The small paper was in fact pink, and the couch looks normal. Middle gray is made to be middle gray (tone), which is merely coincidence here. All images are always made to be middle tone average — that is all a reflective meter can do.
Get some black and white paper (craft stores have it), or any dark and light objects — items around the house — white walls, or bed sheets, or refrigerators. Maybe a black suit jacket and other dark stuff. Try this yourself, to see it, to believe it, and to understand and expect it.
This is simply what reflected light meters do. It is very good to know and expect this.
That was flash above, but now here are the same cards, repeated outdoors in bright sun (ambient, no flash), same thing. It works the same way. This subject is not just about flash, it is about reflective light meters (like in cameras). This set is all automatically metered (without adjustment) by D300 camera in A mode (aperture preferred), f/8 ISO 320 (full frame shown, not cropped). The first scene, of the three cards, does actually average middle gray overall, so it comes out correct. All four come out middle gray, which is what reflected light meters do.
See? This is how light meters work. Pretty well most of the time on typical photo content, but not so good on the tough special cases.
Any and all scenes will be metered to come out middle tone (average value of the metered area, not too dark, not too light). This is simply what reflected light meters do. The results may not match your goal, but these are "correct" results, doing exactly what the reflective meter is designed to do. It is very good thing to know and expect this, and then you will know how to achieve your goal.
The exaggerated plain card scene is used here to simply make it trivially easy to see this. These cards are not typical scenes. Any real scene will have mixed brightness areas (sky and trees and shadows, etc), so that even unusually light or dark real subjects will rarely need as much as the two stops compensation these two "unreal" all white and all black subjects need (to actually be white or black). But it is routinely true that using reflective meters, light colored subjects (higher reflectivity) likely will need 1/2 stop or 1 stop more exposure to make them be light. Dark colored subjects (less reflective) likely will need 1/2 stop or 1 stop less exposure to make them be dark. The closer to middle gray the subject averages, the more accurate the reflected meter reading.
Newbies seem to imagine the camera ought to always be correct (imagining that our attention is not required). And maybe the meter is "correct" on all of them, but the meter may be doing something different than you expect. It only does what it can do. The meter has absolutely no clue what any of this scene is, no human recognition of what it is or means, and certainly no comprehension how it ought to be. The meter cannot distinguish a rose from your Aunt Martha. Our human brain does have smarts and experience to know immediately, what it is, and how it ought to be, so that is our natural expectation. But the reflective meter only sees a blob of light, which it can measure, but without any understanding about what it is, or what it means, or how it should be. So necessarily, what the result will be is a middle tone average, not too dark, not too light.
A reflective meter is aimed at the subject, and only sees the light reflected from and affected by the subjects colors. In contrast, an incident meter is aimed away from the subject towards the camera, and it can measure the actual direct light level, at the subject, but unaffected by the subject or its colors. That's a big advantage to accuracy (next page), but is necessarily more awkward and inconvenient to use.
The meter is an excellent guide and aid, but those who imagine their camera meter is recognizing and evaluating details in our picture, and should always give the correct exposure, are simply in for big disappointments. Instead, the trick is in learning what the meter actually does, so we can use it as a good guide. The meter just gets it into the ballpark, often about correct, but from which we make relative adjustments, as we see needed. We humans can see the scene too, and in many cases, learn to recognize how it will come out, and can compensate in advance. That was a required skill with film, and is very handy with digital too, but digital shows us the result that we get, giving us another chance to fix it. Now is the time to realize that the one in charge of your camera's exposures is YOU.
Said again, the exposure you get (underexposure or overexposure) will depend on what you aim the camera at. I am trying real hard to get your attention. If you want to resist, then imagine me shaking you by your shoulders shouting "wake up". 😊 We really ought to know how the light meter works (and this is how it works). This is all also true in sunlight too, but flash differences seem more pronounced (due to inverse square law falloff). The trick to know is that Flash Compensation is how we control TTL flash. Flash Compensation will greatly improve your TTL flash pictures. Simply watch, and do what you see you need to do.
Again, if any doubts, then it is absolutely necessary that you repeat this, do and see this kind of test in your own situation. It is real. It is the big overall view of how things actually work. All you need to repeat this is a sheet of black paper and a sheet of white paper, and your camera as a light meter. Then you can see, and believe, and will understand how it must influence your procedures.
We hear novices complain about exposure, thinking that their meter is misbehaving, when they simply don't understand how reflective light meters work. They may have a little more to learn, but it is easy when we know. The meter's goal in life is NOT to give "correct" exposure. The dumb meter has absolutely no clue how to do that. It has no clue even what the scene is, and certainly not how it ought to be, so there is never any concept of a "correct" reflective meter reading. The meter's goal in life is simply to expose all scenes to create a middle tone average, however much that takes, for whatever it is, regardless if we will agree that middle tone is "correct" or not. The five rose scenes above have five different contents, with five different average values. The reflective meter's goal in life is to make all pictures average out to be a middle tone (speaking of the central metered area). Therefore, the TTL automation exposes each picture of a different scene differently, to make that middle tone result be true (the average of the metered area). So dark scenes are exposed more, and light scenes are exposed less, to achieve the same middle tone every time.
This is simply how reflective meters work (and it is a good thing to understand and expect this). Note that the photographer's job is to see and realize if this current scene is darker or lighter colors than normal, i.e., if this exposure is going to need our help to come out darker or lighter as it should. This is easy today, the digital camera shows the result to us, then and there, while we can still correct it. When you know why, you also know how, so this is easy, no big deal at all. You will soon already "just know" before you take the picture, what to expect, and what to do about it... it quickly becomes second nature. It does involve looking and thinking.
NOTE: When I often mention result is middle gray here, I merely mean middle tone... as in B&W, but if color, it might have a red or green or blue tint sometimes. Middle tone has been called middle gray for decades, B&W film habit I guess, please forgive my quirk. In these cases, I don't necessarily mean the color "gray". And I don't mean center of the histogram either (another story). I just mean for any scene, the meter's goal is to create a middle tone (average of its metered area), not too dark, and not too light. Which is often reasonable, about right. But the problem comes when the subject ought to instead be dark or light — it won't be. It will always be more middle.
The point is, assuming the common reflective meter, in the same light, what your meter reads depends on what you are metering.
The reflective light meter will try to give an exposure that will make everything average out to about middle gray. "Average" or "typical" scenes/subjects generally do have wide tonal ranges which do in fact average out to about middle gray, but which is not true in all cases. But this is the basis of the system, and you, as the photographer, can see the subject, and are supposed to realize this.
If your subject is a more typical one, with typical wide range, and it actually does average out about middle gray, then great, easy as pie.
If not an "average" subject, then you better pay attention, and stand ready to help with Flash Compensation or Exposure Compensation.
In contrast, handheld "incident" meters also exist, which stand at the subject's position, and aim back at the camera, and directly read the incident light falling on the subject, totally independent of the color of the subject (page after next). Again, incident meters read the light directly from the subjects position, so cannot be built into the camera. This may be less convenient to use (except is wonderful for studio flash), but are greatly more accurate and consistent.
Bottom line: When the exposure does not come out right, it cannot help to cuss the meter or bemoan your fate. This is simply how meters work, and have always worked. The way we learn to use them is to study the picture, and figure out what the meter was metering to cause that middle tone result... why it happened? (usually, dark or light colored subjects or backgrounds are expected to cause mid-tone results). Then we learn to recognize those situations, and then we easily just know ahead of time what to do to prevent it next time we see a similar situation . There is no other way but to learn.
I say Flash a lot, but do not misunderstand — Metering in daylight or other continuous light works exactly the same way (middle gray result). But flash does seem more fussy about it (more on next page). The rapid falloff with inverse square law emphasizes differences (affecting flash, but not sunlight). And the TTL preflash creates background shadows, metered as dark areas, which reduces the bright area that reflects and is metered. Flash may seem a little different, but the meter merely reads what it sees.
Continued - Details of Metering Principles
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