A Few Printing Resolution Guidelines, plus calculator

Sufficient pixels to print at 250 to 300 dpi is optimum to print photo images. More than 300 dpi (for color images) really cannot help the printer, but much fewer pixels is detrimental to image quality. This is not difficult, but it is essential to know and keep track of .However, line art mode (for text or line drawings, with black lines or text on white paper, NOT color mode) can use 600 dpi.
This simple little calculation will show the image size needed for sufficient pixels for optimum photo printing.

The pixel dimensions do NOT need to be exact, but printing photos somewhere near this size ballpark (of 250 to 300 pixels per inch) is a very good thing, and best quality. Here are some essential details of digital basics.

Cropping image Aspect Ratio to fit the paper size shape is an important concern too. See how.

And there is a larger dpi calculator that knows about scanning, printing, and enlargement.

Useful printing resolutions are shown below for common printing destinations, resolution at the scaled printing size on paper. Meaning if you need 4x5 inches at 300 dpi, then you need a 1200x1500 pixel image (a bit more or less dpi works OK too, just scale to print size). This printing dpi number is also the scan resolution if printing at 100% or original size, but enlargement of 1.5x needs scanning at 1.5x printing dpi.

Printing Grayscale or Color Images
(photo images and graphics)

For photos on photo-quality inkjet printers on Photo paper
250 to 360 dpi for color or grayscale, at printer's better quality setting. 300 dpi may be a little better than 250 dpi, but on many photos, the difference is often hard to see.

For documents on inkjet good coated photo paper
Use a decent printer quality setting for the text, and for photos around 250 to 300 dpi.

For inkjet printer using plain copy paper
150 dpi is often enough for images on plain copy paper. The ink soaks into the paper and spreads a little.
Coated inkjet paper is better, and photo paper is best.

For digital lab printing services
Drug stores, WalMart, Costco, Shutterfly, Snapfish, etc.
250 to 300 dpi, for up through 8x10 inch size. Many such machines are set to 250 dpi maximum, but 300 dpi still works fine (250 dpi is OK, these machines are continuous color, better quality than inkjets dithered color).
Inquire about crop size for wallet prints, 2.5x3.5 inches is conventional, but many shops are 2x3 inches.
Inquire about minimum pixel dimensions for poster size prints. Too few pixels is a limit for refusing service, optimal quality will be larger, possibly all you can manage, because 300 dpi might be hard to provide for poster size.

For dye-sublimation printers
Near the dye-sub printer's dpi rating, which will be around 300 dpi

For laser printers, B&W or Color photos
300 dpi printer (54 lpi) - 100 dpi
600 dpi printer (85 lpi) - 150 dpi
1200 dpi printer (100 lpi) - 200 dpi

For commercial offset printing (photos for books and magazines)
Most editors will routinely ask for 300 dpi images, but which really has no meaning without knowing size to be printed. It might Not mean your huge 36 megapixel image, but 300 dpi only means at the final size to be printed (see the calculator above). You may not know the printed image size, but if to be a cover photo, or a double page spread image, you do need to know the page size. 300 dpi for a large spread will need a lot of pixels.

For printing photos in newspapers and newsprint
150 to 200 dpi (85 or 100 lpi) at final size.

For Fax
Photos are No Go, because fax is line art mode, only pure black or white, but no gray. Use email for photos. Fax images are line art graphics of two colors, black or white.

Computer and TV and phone video screens are NOT all the same concept as printing. See the video box at right. See the summary of the Basics about using images.

Printing Line Art Mode Images
(Two colors: text pages, line drawings, sheet music)

Line art for laser printers
300 dpi printer - 300 dpi
600 dpi printer - 600 dpi
1200 dpi printer - 1200 dpi
300 dpi line art is fine for casual purposes.
600 dpi is sharper for more critical line art work.

Line art for inkjet printers
600 dpi for best - but at least 300 dpi

For Fax
Standard fax is 200 dpi line art

For commercial offset printing (books or magazines)
1200 dpi for commercial line art

For printing in newspapers
600 dpi is enough, cartoons for example

For Display on Video Screens (computer, TV, web)

Any mode: Color, grayscale and line art images.

Video screen sizes vary, but all are dimensioned in pixels, and video does NOT use dpi. Image sizes are also dimensioned in pixels. Scanning at 100 dpi possibly may create roughly original image size on many wide-screen computer monitor screens, but there is no concept of image size in inches on video screens. Without external processing (resampling), image pixels are show one for one on the screen pixels. The only factor is the image size in pixels, and the screen size in pixels. But remember, on the web, you have no idea about your web site visitors screen size (could be a cell phone or a large wall TV). But the trend today is to be sure a phone screen can show the image.

HDTV screens are 1280x720 or 1920x1080 pixels. (any size HDTV screen)

Regardless of image mode, create the desired image size in pixels. By resampling smaller, or just for one example: scanning 6x4 inches at 150 dpi gives 900x600 pixel size (likely adequate size on any computer monitor). Unless viewing changes its size, it will fill 900x600 pixels of the video screen size. See PowerPoint screens.

Photos should be High Quality JPG files, but graphics (for example logos or screen shots of dialog boxes, as opposed to photo images) are often much better as GIF files or 8-bit PNG files (for graphics, indexed color of only a few colors can be a better and much smaller file than JPG). Then 16 colors index mode should be sufficient for say 8 colors with dithering.

4K video is new, technically 4096×2160 pixels called DCI, but only movies use it. Consumer 4K is usually 3840×2160 pixels called UHD (it fits HDTV screen shape), but No broadcast or cable channel uses 4K (streaming services can optionally offer it as UHD). Blu-ray DVD is UHD. There are other non-standard "4K" sizes.

Basic Properties of Printed Images	Basic Properties of Video Images
Image size is measured on paper in inches or centimeters (paper size is also measured in inches)	Image size is measured on the screen in pixels (screen size is also measured in pixels)
Image size in inches does NOT vary with scanned resolution	Image size in pixels DOES vary with scanned resolution
Image size in inches is modified on paper by scaling (by declaring a different dpi value)	Image size in pixels is modified on screen by resampling (changing size in pixels)
Image pixels are spaced on paper using specified scaled resolution (dpi)	Image pixels are located at each screen pixel location, one for one
Several printer ink dots (of usually only 4 CMYK ink colors) within a pixel are dithered (mixed) to represent any color of that image pixel	One screen pixel location contains one image pixel, and can be of any RGB color value

Inkjet paper and settings

Inkjet paper quality makes all the difference when printing photos on a photo-quality printer. Paper Brightness rating is important for photos, with rating 94 being bright white, and 84 being drab in comparison. There are vaguely three main classes of paper for inkjets:

Plain copy paper is priced about $3 to $7 for a 500 sheet package, or about one cent per sheet. It is fine for laser printers and copy machines, but dye-based inkjet ink will absorb into plain paper and spread out (called dot-gain), and then high resolution is simply not possible. Some inkjets can use pigmented black ink instead of a dye-based black ink, which sticks to the surface of the paper, and helps give good results for black text on plain paper. But the colored photo quality ink is dye-based and thin (ink soaks in and spreads), and plain paper is quite poor for photo reproduction on an inkjet printer.

Coated inkjet paper has a smooth coating to hold the ink on the surface for better resolution (typically it’s the smooth/bright/white side). Price varies, more expensive, quality varies, there are many choices. The coating makes a difference for inkjets.

Glossy Photo paper looks like actual photographic paper and gives the best quality results for photo-quality inkjet photos. Glossy paper is the good stuff, and the photo-quality difference is like night and day on it. Matte photo paper works well too, which uses a different Paper Type setting.

If you are not getting the results you expect, be sure you are using good photo paper. All paper brands do not work quite the same on all printers, so judge results using the paper brand recommended by your printer. The paper is part of the printing system, the coating interacts with the ink, which is very important. Judge the color and quality after the ink dries.

Inkjet printer driver properties (some HP and Epson shown below) will have a place to specify the Paper Type. It is very important to specify the correct Paper Type actually used, because this setting controls the amount of ink used, to be appropriate for the paper surface (paper type).

For photo quality on the good paper, be sure to select a better ink dot dpi mode in your printer driver settings. This is NOT image dpi. It is a quality setting (often called Good, Better, and Best today) which is ink drops per inch. Be sure your image is large enough to have enough image pixels to print the image size you want, at the printed resolution you want.